According to most textbooks of human anatomy, the iliac crest is at the upper border of the level of the fourth lumbar vertebral body (L4) and this is a relatively fixed and standard position (Bogduk, 2005).
However, the level of the umbilicus is not as precisely stated as that of the iliac crest. This is as textbooks state that the umbilicus lies typically at a vertical level between the L3 and L4 vertebral bodies (Ellis, 2006), with a normal variation ranging between L3 to L5 vertebrae (O'Rahilly, 2004).
In old age, the umbilicus level goes down to a lower level due to reduced abdominal muscle tone (Singh, 2014).
We were not able to find literature on how body size would affect the level of the umbilicus.
References:
Bogduk, Nikolai; Endres, Stephen M. (2005). Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum (4th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 106.
Ellis, Harold (2006). Clinical Anatomy: Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors. New York: Wiley.
O'Rahilly, Ronan; Müller, Fabiola; Carpenter, Stanley; Swenson, Rand (2004). "Abdominal walls". Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure. Dartmouth Medical School.
Singh (2014). Textbook of Anatomy Abdomen and Lower Limb; Volume 2. (2nd ed.) Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 299.
No comments:
Post a Comment